Salmonella And Common Food Poisoning Biology Essay

Salmonella And Common Food Poisoning Biology Essay Food contamination is a typical issue that influences a large number of individuals in the United States and all through the world. Food contamination can cause upsetting and now and then dangerous issues in people. Individuals that have eaten polluted food might be without manifestation or have side effects extending from intestinal inconvenience to extreme parchedness and wicked loose bowels. The accompanying microorganisms can cause food contamination; Campylobacter, Shigella, E.Coli, and Salmonella. The Salmonella family contains more than 2,300 serotypes of microscopic organisms. A serotype is a gathering of microorganism, infections, and cells characterized together dependent on their phone surface antigens. Salmonella is a Gram-negative, pole formed, lashed and motile bacterium. Salmonella is found in the gastrointestinal tract of fish, turtles, snakes, reptiles, gerbils, hamsters, different rodents and people. Disease can likewise be spread from individual to - individual. Salmonellosis is a zoonotic illness that can spread from creatures to people. Salmonellosis can be spread by eating uncooked pork, chicken, meat, and fish. Salmonellosis can likewise be spread by eating sullied food with Salmonella. Side effects are bleeding or watery the runs, stomach cramps, hurling, fever, cerebral pain, chills, sweats, weariness, and an absence of craving. On the off chance that the disease is serious the individual may be given anti-toxins. The dangers of Salmonellosis are the loss of body liquids, lack of hydration, stun, and demise. Solutions for Salmonellosis rely upon indications. Cures are anti-infection agents, rest, eating a flat eating routine, and drinking a lot of liquids. There are three high hazard gatherings: babies, individuals over the age of 60, and individuals with bargained resistant frameworks. Salmonella microscopic organisms can likewise cause Typhoid Fever. Typhoid Fever can be cause by two sorts of Salmonella microscopic organisms: Salmonella typhi microorganisms and Salmonella paratyphi. Typhoid Fever is shrunk by the ingestion of the Salmonella microbes in polluted food or water. Patients with intense sickness can debase the encompassing water gracefully however stool. The stool contains high focus microscopic organisms. Patients can be delegated Long-Term Carriers on the off chance that they have a gentle disease and it go unrecognized. The microbes reproduces in the gallbladder, bile conduits, or liver and goes into the inside. The microscopic organisms can get by for a considerable length of time in water or dried sewage. Manifestations of Typhoid Fever are high temperature, chest uneasiness, mid-region distress, cerebral pains, torpidity, poor hunger, advertisement loose bowels. Typhoid Fever is resolved through a stool culture. Typhoid Fever is treated with Antib iotics. There are a few researchers doing investigate on the Salmonella microorganisms. There are a progression of investigations that are being led abroad the International Spaceship that may prompt antibody against Salmonellosis from Salmonella microscopic organisms. Researchers at the USDA Agricultural Research Service have built up a poultry antibody for certain strains of Salmonella in poultry. The investigation of how Salmonella taints powder newborn child recipe has assisted them to make quality confirmation methods, with helping forestall defilement of Powder Infant Formula. Researchers are attempting to utilize Salmonella as solution for hypoxia to help the in treatment of malignant growth. There are a gathering of researchers in Morocco that did an investigation on food tests from Morocco to decide whether the food they were eating contained Salmonella. There are a progression of analyses that are being directed abroad the International Space that may prompt immunization against Salmonellosis from Salmonella microbes. Dr. Cheryl Nickerson has created examines that have demonstrated that Salmonella turns out to be progressively harmful in weightlessness condition. Salmonellas destructiveness can be controlled like an on and off switch. NASA began these examinations since they were worried about their space explorers being progressively defenseless to food contamination because of their debilitated invulnerable frameworks. Debilitated insusceptible frameworks are because of microgravity. Specialists found that microgravity changes Salmonella. The researchers can utilize this data from space on Earth on the grounds that nature inside the digestion tracts is like the weightlessness in space. Another Scientist, Professor Timothy Hammond, is seeking after an immunization dependent on the hereditary changes found in the space-borne microor ganisms. There are a progression of investigations that are being directed abroad the International Space that may prompt immunization against Salmonellosis from Salmonella microscopic organisms. (Klotz, 2009) Researchers at the USDA Agricultural Research Service built up a poultry antibody to diminish the spread Salmonella enteritidis (S.enteritis) contamination among herds. S.enteritis is a serotype of Salmonella .This current scourge is brought about by egg-borne Salmonellosis. Egg-Borne Salmonellosis is caused to flawless and sanitized evaluation An eggs in light of the fact that S.enteritidis contaminates the ovaries quietly. This sullies the hens eggs. The antibody diminishes shedding ten to forty percent more viably than the three business immunizations that are presently being utilized. The antibody decreases the measure of S.enteritidis that is situated in the winged animals stomach related tract that takes out the pathogen shedding in the fowls dung. The immunization additionally dispenses with the pathogen attack of the flying creatures inside organs. The antibody is an exploratory oil emulsion immunization. This immunization is not the same as business arrangements since it bui lds explicit degrees of antibodies in the stomach related tract which decreases the Salmonella in the hens intestinal tract and forestalls contamination of eggs and infection of transmission. In this exploration study, the antibody was directed to the feathered creatures subcutaneously in two portions four to about a month and a half separated before presenting the winged creatures to S.enteritidis. Analysts performed exacting measures to guarantee that there are no different pathogens were available in the hens previously and during the examination. During the 1970s, fastidious techniques for cleaning and examining eggs were actualized to diminish Salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is brought about by the outer fecal pollution of egg shells. S.enteritidis turned into a general wellbeing worry during the 1980s. The pathogen attacks poultry which can make hurt the conceptive organs that can prompt tainting of the eggs. During the 1990s, researchers began to create poultry antibodies agains t S.enteritidis. As of now, twenty-5,000,000 portions of S.enteritidis immunization are utilized yearly. (Smith, 2006) Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) is certainly not a sterile item and might be polluted with pathogens that can cause genuine disease in newborn children (kids matured <1 year). One pathogen that has been found is Salmonella. In the United States, the occurrence of Salmonellosis among babies are 121.6 laboratory㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ confirmed diseases per 100,000 newborn children in the United States, 181 cases for every 100,000 babies in the United Kingdom, and 92.8 cases per 100,000 babies in Israel. Salmonella that has polluted dried milk items have cause recorded episodes since the mid 1950s in the United Kingdom and Bulgaria. In 1966, there was a multistate flare-up of Salmonella contamination which principally influenced newborn children. The flare-up examination connected the ailment utilization of dried milk to one maker. The pollutions happened in the splash driers. In 1973, Salmonellosis happened in Trinidad which contaminated 3,000 babies. The examination connected the disease to the utilization of seven brands of powdered milk that where bundled at a similar preparing plant. In 1977, there was another flare-up of Salmonella in Australia that was connected to polluted PIF. Theories flare-ups were brought about by polluted shower driers. These episodes prompted the usage of deterrent estimates which diminished Salmonella tainting from 1.9% in 1976 to 0.01% in 1988. There were six additional episodes of Salmonella contamination related with PIF during 1985 to 2005. These episodes happened in United Kingdom (1985), United States and Canada (1993), United Kingdom and France (1996-1997), Korea (2000), United States (2001), and Asia, Africa, Oceania, and other European nations (2007). In the flare-up of Salmonella in the United Kingdom (1985), the defilement was followed to issues in the shower drier and an extremely low grouping of salmonellae was found in the powder. The flare-up of Salmonella in United States and Canada (1993) was brought about by lactose matur ing strains of Salmonella. The flare-up of the United Kingdom and France (1996-1997) was brought about by atomic subtyping was utilized to explicitly distinguish the plague. The flare-up in Korea (2000) was brought about by spore defilement. It was too hard to even think about determining if the spore pollution happened previously or in the wake of opening the compartment. The flare-up that happened in United States (2001) was hard to decide how the pollution happened. The tainting happened in the planning room of the clinic. The flare-up of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and other European nations (2007) was brought about by Salmonella Agona. At present, the PIF business can't create sterile PIF. There are quality confirmation techniques that have been built up to help forestall tainted PIF. Coming up next are a few strategies that may forestall Salmonella defilement: not permitting section of Salmonellae in the assembling condition, staying away from replication of Salmonellae if there sh ould be an occurrence of passage, making sterile hardware and cleanliness zones, and just utilizing dry-blended fixings that are liberated from Salmonellae. Parental figures should be mindful when putting away and taking care of PIF to newborn children. (Cahill, 2008) Hypoxia is a typical quality of human tumors. It can influence the anticipation of disease patients. Hypoxia is the point at which the body in general or a specific area on the body is denied of satisfactory oxygen flexibly. In the event that a solution for hypoxia is discovered this could improve disease treatment. An antibody strain of Salmonella choleraesuis was utilized as a live vector for conveying DNA immunizations. In the examination, S. choleraesuis was u

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Megan Moore Structure 2 A. Gaffney Walk 11, 2014 To Dope or Not to Dope: The Answer is No As most New York Yankee fans know, Alex Rodriguez completed the 2013 baseball season with 654 grand slams on his profession. 654. He is as of now fifth in grand slam record books. Tragically for A-Rod fans, there will be no 2014 season. Following a protracted session with the MLB, Rodriguez was suspended in the wake of testing positive for PEDs- - testosterone enhancements to be precise. Attached to the, presently shut, Biogenesis center, Rodriguez and (at any rate) twelve others are at the center of attention for swindling the game they love. Non-baseball fans may perceive the name Lance Armstrong: multi-disease survivor, cyclist and blameworthy of deceiving his game also. These two, among a few others, are the posterboys for a dull time in sports. As a great many people would concur, steroids and different medications are a significant issue in sports today, for the competitors as well as for those of us who appreciate a simply, reasonable, clean game. For some, numerous years, doping has been a necessary piece of athletic culture. Research accepts that doping determines establishes back in old Greek and Roman culture, 776 B.C (Baron)! Conceded PEDs some time ago were terrible blends of herbs, medications, and liquor, the medications competitors are taking presently are similarly as awful. Margaret Goodman, a nervous system specialist and the leader of the Voluntary Anti-Doping Association (VADA), clarifies the distinctive reactions of steroids. As a ringside doctor of fights, she’s tuned in to the fighters talk about execution upgrading drugs. Contenders utilizing dope depicted the frightful results: heart, kidney, liver, bone, cerebrum and mental affliction (Goodman). As of late, there is a push for the authorization of steroids and different other PE... ...cles and testosterone. Where’s the fun in realizing somebody is bamboozling a game they love? As an ever increasing number of competitors experience harsh criticism, the achievements of wealthy competitors are concealed. What number of baseball fans knew Johan Santana, a previous Minnesota Twin, tossed his first no-hitter in 2012? This no-hitter was additionally the first in the new York Mets group history. In the mean time, that equivalent season, top picks like Melky Cabrera and Bortolo Colon, among others, were suspended subsequent to testing positive for PEDs. Not exclusively are execution improving medications crushing our athletes’ bodies, they are devastating the games we appreciate. The competitors we gaze upward to are leaving a negative impact on the kids admiring them. On the off chance that we permit this training to proceed, or far more atrocious, legitimize steroids, we risk harming our competitors, our understudies and the great uprightness of our games.

What to Do If You Fear Eating in Public

What to Do If You Fear Eating in Public Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Social Anxiety and the Fear of Eating in Front of Others By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on August 30, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on September 11, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Triggers Fears Research Treatment View All The fear of eating in front of others can wreak havoc on your social life, work prospects,  and adjustment to college. Socializing usually includes some form of food and drink. Business meetings sometimes take place over lunch or dinner. College cafeterias can be crowded. If eating and drinking in front of others causes you extreme anxiety, you may either endure these situations with great discomfort or avoid them altogether. Avoidance creates a vicious cycle in that the more narrow your life becomes, the harder you will find it to eat and drink in front of others. You may find yourself turning down invitations or making choices that dont require eating in front of others, such as eating in your dorm room rather than meeting new friends in the cafeteria. Triggers of Fear of Eating in Public Fear of eating and drinking in front of others can be triggered by a wide variety of situations, foods  and dining companions. Some people feel anxious in every situation in which they must eat or drink in front of others, while others fear specific settings such as formal banquets or dinner parties.Certain individuals become anxious only when eating in front of authority figures. On the other hand, some may be anxious even when eating in front of people whom they know well.Some may become more fearful if they are in a crowded restaurant as compared to dining in a quiet atmosphere with only a few companions. If you are like most people with a fear of eating, your level of anxiety probably escalates in proportion to how difficult the food is to eat. Foods that require utensils such as salads, soup, and dishes with sauces are usually the most anxiety-provoking.Potentially messy foods such as spaghetti will be more anxiety-provoking because there is a greater likelihood of embarrassment while eating.Finger foods are usually the least threatening.Type of beverage does not usually influence the level of fear, although drinks that are more likely to stain, such as red wine, may provoke more anxiety. Fears If you have a fear of eating or drinking in front of others, there is probably a long list of embarrassing events that you worry might happen in these situations. They may include some of the following: Your hands will shake.You will spill your food or drink.You will choke on your food and draw attention to yourself.You will vomit or lose control of your bowels.You will look unattractive while eating.You will become flushed from eating spicy food. Research Underlying all of these fears is the fear of being negatively evaluated by others.  Indeed, a 2015 study found that this fear of negative evaluation explained part of the relationship between social anxiety and aspects of disordered eating.?? In addition, a 2012 study found that social appearance anxiety (the fear that you will be negatively evaluated for your appearance) may predict symptoms of both social anxiety and eating disorder symptoms.?? As a result, modifying those underlying negative beliefs or negative social evaluation fears is what is needed to treat this type of disordered eating, rather than a focus on specific issues with eating. Treating a Fear of Eating in Public If difficulty eating in front of others is causing significant impairment in your daily life, and you have not been diagnosed with a mental health disorder, consider making an appointment with your family doctor for further assessment and possible treatment. When the fear of eating or drinking in front of others is a symptom of social anxiety disorder or SAD (about 20% of people diagnosed with SAD have this fear??), treatment in the form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) is usually recommended. CBT involves the identification of negative automatic thoughts and the replacement of these thoughts with more rational thinking patterns. In addition, some form of exposure training usually complements the practice of cognitive restructuring. This may involve actual eating and drinking scenarios in which other group participants act as dining companions. If your anxiety about eating in front of others is due to an eating disorder, or a combination of an eating disorder and SAD, then treatment will need to be tailored to your unique situation. In addition, if you experience  generalized SAD, or your symptoms do not respond to therapy, medication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be advised. A Word From Verywell If you are experiencing difficulty eating in front of others, consider the source of your anxiety. Are you worried about how others will perceive you or more worried about eating the actual food itself? Ask yourself these questions to better understand your own disordered eating patterns and what the next steps may be.

Internet Music Sharing and the RIAA Essay - 1861 Words

Internet Music Sharing and the RIAA In today’s high-tech computer savvy world, one of the largest controversies brewing on the internet is the downloading and sharing of music using various peer-to-peer programs such as Kazaa, Limewire, Audio Galaxy, and many others. These programs use software that, â€Å"rather than going through a server to request information, can make requests directly to other software. This attribute is what allows users of P2P networks to freely exchange music, movies and other types of files (Friedenberg).† To the everyday user, downloading all of their music from the internet is great. Who wouldn’t want to be able to get the newest Radiohead CD months before it comes out in stores and for†¦show more content†¦As we have said from the beginning ... there is no free pass to engage in music piracy just because you havent come of age. Were not surprised and were not deterred† (Music Piracy Suits Could Bring Backlash). With statements such as this, and the recent controversial tactics being used by the RIAA, there are of course, a number by a number of people and organizations opposed to them. One of the major groups in opposition to the Recording Industry Association of America is the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). â€Å"The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) was created to defend our rights to think, speak, and share our ideas, thoughts, and needs using new technologies, such as the Internet and the World Wide Web. EFF is the first to identify threats to our basic rights online and to advocate on behalf of free expression in the digital age. (EFF: About)† The EFF takes a stand against large corporations and government organizations in an attempt to protect users digital rights. The EFF makes some very good points, emphasizing an approach that gives users and music lovers the music they want and compensates the artists. 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The major problem with this music sharing is that most of the files are pirated, which has caused a stir in the music industry. Music companies and music artists have been complaining about how their music is being stolen and therefore lowering their album sales. The major blame has been put on Napster and other file sharing software available on the InternetRead MoreInternational Association Of The Phonographic Industry818 Words   |  4 PagesKeeping itself as the largest music industry in the whole world, the music industry in the United States has different organizations and associations which represent different roles in the music industry and serve different purposes, constructing a structure of checks and balances. American record labels and distributors got RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), the domestic representative of the IFPI (International Federati on of the Phonographic Industry) in America, to represent themRead MoreWhats Wrong With Downloading Music? 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Little by little, Napster was being less used and it became harder to find the songs wanted until nobody used it anymore. When allRead MoreEssay on MP3 File Sharing Hurts America929 Words   |  4 PagesMP3 File Sharing Hurts America Before the present time of computers and various media player technology, trading music files on the internet was practically unheard of. Today MP3 music files have become file format that is widely â€Å"swapped† over the internet. The problem with trading MP3s is that it violates copyright laws. However, this hasn’t stopped the tens of millions of file sharing software users who continue swap MP3’s. 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The decline of CD sales in the past three years have been blamed on the availability of songs that can be downloaded from Internet sites and service providers like Napster, KaZaA and Morpheus free of charge. Today the issue of intellectual copyright infringement in music has been taken more seriouslyRead MoreNapster : The Problem Of Copyright Infringement981 Words   |  4 PagesThe Napster web site made file swapping over the Internet available via the software necessary for the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file transfer to work. P2P is software that when downloaded onto someone s computer, enables that person to access another person s computer to find and copy certain files that the software is designed to recognize. It was used primarily for copying MP3 files, as a result avoiding the need to actually purchase music on CD or some other format. The popularity of Napster happenedRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Illegal File Sharing1571 Words   |  7 PagesMusic Industry in America is one of the most powerful music industries in the world and it consists of many record labels, nevertheless, the top three major labels are Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, and Warner Music Group. Most of music industries earn revenue by creating and selling their goods to music consumers and also music retailers. In the past, major labels or music companies sold their products through sheet music (the handwritten or printed form of music notation) then

Biography of Jefferson Davis, Confederate President

Jefferson Davis  (born Jefferson Finis Davis; June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was a prominent American soldier, secretary of war, and political figure who became the president of the Confederate States of America, a nation formed in rebellion to the United States. Before becoming a leader of the slave states in rebellion, he was  viewed by some as a  plausible future president of the United States. Fast Facts: Jefferson Davis Known For:  Davis was the president of the Confederate States of America.Also Known As:  Jefferson Finis DavisBorn:  June 3, 1808  in Todd County, KentuckyParents: Samuel Emory Davis and Jane DavisDied: December 6, 1889  in New Orleans, LouisianaEducation: Transylvania University, U.S. Military Academy at West PointPublished Works:  The Rise and Fall of the Confederate GovernmentSpouses: Sarah Knox Taylor, Varina HowellChildren: 6Notable Quote: Are we, in this age of civilization and political progress†¦to roll back the whole current of human thought, and again return to the mere brute force which prevails between beasts of prey, as the only method of settling questions between men? Early Life and Education Jefferson Davis grew up in Mississippi and was educated at Transylvania University in Kentucky for three years. He then entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, graduated in 1828, and received a commission as an officer in the U.S. Army. Early Career and Family Life Davis served as an infantry officer for seven years. After resigning his military commission in 1835, Davis married Sarah Knox Taylor, the daughter of  Zachary Taylor, the future president and Army colonel. Taylor strongly disapproved of the marriage. The newlyweds moved to Mississippi, where Sarah contracted malaria and died within three months. Davis himself contracted malaria and recovered, but he often suffered lingering effects from the disease. Over time, Davis repaired his relationship with Zachary Taylor and he became one of Taylors most trusted advisers during his presidency. Davis married Varina Howell in 1845. They remained married for the rest of his life and had six children, three of whom lived to adulthood. Cotton Plantation and Start in Politics From 1835 to 1845, Davis became a successful cotton planter, farming on a plantation called Brierfield, which had been given to him by his brother. He also began buying slaves in the mid-1830s. According to the federal census of 1840, he owned 39 slaves. In the late 1830s, Davis took a trip to Washington, D.C.  and apparently met President  Martin Van Buren. His interest in politics developed, and in 1845 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat. The Mexican War and Political Rise With the beginning of the  Mexican War  in 1846, Davis resigned from Congress and formed a volunteer company of infantrymen. His unit fought in Mexico, under General Zachary Taylor, and Davis was wounded. He returned to Mississippi and received a heros welcome. Davis was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1847  and obtained a powerful position on the Military Affairs Committee. In 1853, Davis was appointed secretary of war in the cabinet of President  Franklin Pierce. It was probably his favorite job, and Davis took to it energetically, helping to bring important reforms to the military. His interest in science inspired him to  import camels  for use by the U.S. Cavalry. Secession In the late 1850s, as the nation was splitting over the issue of slavery, Davis returned to  the U.S. Senate. He cautioned other southerners about secession, but when slave states started leaving the Union, he resigned from the Senate. On January 21, 1861, in the waning days of the administration of  James Buchanan, Davis gave a dramatic farewell speech in the Senate and pleaded for peace. President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis was the only president of the Confederate States of America. He held the office from 1861 until the collapse of the Confederacy at the end of the Civil War, in the spring of 1865. Davis never campaigned for the presidency of the Confederacy in the sense that politicians in the United States campaign. He was essentially selected to serve and he claimed not to be seeking the position. He began his term with widespread support within the states in rebellion. Opposition As the Civil War continued, Davis critics within the Confederacy increased. Before secession, Davis had consistently been a forceful and eloquent advocate for states rights.  Ironically, he became inclined to impose the rule of a strong central government as he tried to manage the Confederate government. Strong states rights advocates within the Confederacy came to oppose him. Besides his choice of Robert E. Lee as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, Davis is mostly deemed a weak leader by historians. Davis was seen as prickly, a poor delegator, overly involved in details, wrongly attached to defending Richmond, Virginia, and guilty of cronyism. Most historians agree that he was far less effective as a leader during wartime than his counterpart, President Abraham Lincoln. After the War Following the Civil War, many in the federal government and the public believed Davis to be a traitor responsible for years of bloodshed and the deaths of many thousands. There was a strong suspicion that Davis had been involved in the  assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Some accused him of having ordered Lincolns murder. After Davis was apprehended by Union cavalry while trying to escape and perhaps keep the rebellion going, he was locked up in a military prison for two years. For a time he was kept in chains, and his health suffered from his rough treatment. The federal government eventually decided not to prosecute Davis and he returned to Mississippi. He was financially ruined, since he had lost his plantation (and, like many other large landholders in the south, his slaves). Later Years and Death Thanks to a wealthy benefactor, David was able to live comfortably on an estate, where he wrote a book about the Confederacy, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. In his final years, in the 1880s, he was often visited by admirers. Davis died on December 6, 1889. A large funeral was held for him in New Orleans and he was buried in the city. His body was eventually moved to a large tomb in Richmond, Virginia. Legacy Davis, in the decades before the Civil War, served admirably in a number of positions within the federal government. Before becoming a leader of the slave states in rebellion, he was  viewed by some as a  possible future president of the United States. But his accomplishments are judged differently from other American politicians. While he held the Confederate government together in nearly impossible circumstances, he was considered a traitor by those loyal to the United States. There were many Americans who believed he should have been tried for treason and hanged after the Civil War. Some advocates for Davis point to his intellect and relative skill in governing the rebel states. But his detractors note the obvious: Davis strongly believed in the perpetuation of slavery. The veneration of Jefferson Davis remains a controversial subject. Statues of him appeared throughout the south following his death, and, because of his defense of slavery, many now believe those statues should be taken down. There are also periodic calls to remove his name from public buildings and roads which had been named in his honor. His birthday continues to be celebrated in several southern states, and his presidential library opened in Mississippi in 1998. Sources Cooper, William C., Jr. Jefferson Davis, American. Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.  McPherson, James M. Embattled Rebel: Jefferson Davis as Commander in Chief. Penguin Press, 2014.  Strode, Hudson. Jefferson Davis: Confederate President. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959.

Nintendo Case Study Free Essays

Case Analysis Part 1 Introduction Case 7 of the textbook titled Essentials of Strategic Management looked at the video game pioneer Nintendo. The title of the case is Nintendo’s Strategy in 2009: The Ongoing Battle with Microsoft and Sony and was written by Lou Marino and Sally Sarrett. The case begins by describing how Nintendo faced serious competition from Sony and Microsoft in the video game market. We will write a custom essay sample on Nintendo Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now As Sony had created the Playstation and Microsoft came out with the Xbox, Nintendo had taken a backseat in terms of new video game consoles. Through the years however, Nintendo had created many popular devices used for gaming such as the Nintendo 64 and numerous versions of the DS. As Nintendo prepared to release the Wii game system, many said that it lacked the graphics and user experience that their rivals had and it appeared as though it would be a market flop. To the surprise of many critics and competing companies, the Wii was a huge success setting records for total sales. Currently Nintendo is seeing reduced demand and reduced sales due to the recession but they continue to release new features and games and analysts say that â€Å"the only limitations of the system were the limitations of the designer and the user-leading most to believer they considered the possibilities endless† ( ). Nintendo’s Strategy In it’s early years, Nintendo’s strategy was to bring video game experience most commonly found in public venues such as the Donkey Kong arcade game into the users home. This differentiation strategy proved highly successful for Nintendo as they were the first to give the user an affordable gaming console with many different games available for the Nintendo Entertainment System or NES. This continued with the release of numerous versions of the Game Boy and Nintendo DS as users could take their games with them anywhere they went which was unheard of from rivals such as Sony and Microsoft at the time. As competition grew with Sony, Sega, and Microsoft, Nintendo’s strategy seemed to move towards a cost strategy. They began creating onsoles such as the GameCube to compete with disk operated consoles by their competitors but at a cheaper price. This move turned out to be unsuccessful for a number of reasons, the main one being their lack of graphic capabilities. From here Nintendo began differentiating themselves again. Nintendo set out to design a console that would revolutionize the way people played games and the Wii was born. People that had n ever played video games before such as women and the elderly could now find games suited for them that were easy to understand and fun to play. Users could play games that got them up and moving to promote a healthier lifestyle as well as interact with others. For Nintendo to be successful in the future, this differentiation strategy appears to be the best route to follow. Strategic Leadership The strategic leadership surrounding the Nintendo organization appears to be ahead of their time in some aspects. Although they are not coming out with consoles directly aimed at competing with that of Sony and Microsoft, they are however releasing cutting edge technologies into their products. From the dual screen on the DS which allows users to sync up with others to play head to head to the Wii with a Bluetooth activated controller, Nintendo is constantly changing the video game industry. The marketers at Nintendo understood that â€Å"too many powerful consoles can’t coexist† because they would eventually lead to their own collapse ( 375 ). By creating something completely new for users that rivals aren’t reaching, Nintendo was able to gain control of a relatively untouched market segment. Nintendo is known for its differentiation from the normal gaming systems and this attracts a completely different crowd than Sony and Microsoft. Stakeholders in the Nintendo company know this and this is what ultimately attracts them to their organization just as the stakeholders for Sony or Microsoft are attracted to the strategies of competing to be the best in terms of graphics and realistic gaming experience. If Nintendo was to change and try to compete on the same levels as Sony and Microsoft, they would more than likely lose many of their investors because this differentiation is what keeps Nintendo ranking among the top gaming companies. How to cite Nintendo Case Study, Free Case study samples

Fundamental of Leadership-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You need to watch a movie based on revolutionary leadership. And you need to mention the name of movie selected. You need to write 1 page of executive summary. Remaining pages you need to write how revolutionary leadership applied in that movie. Use apa style and proper citation. U need to write one page for storey telling based on revolutionary leadership. Answer: The Selma Movie was one of the popular of 2014 that beautifully portrayed the historical events related to the incident of Selma in the year 1965. The movement was held mostly under the leadership and guidance of Martin Luther King. The movement was held as a March protest along the 54-mile highway. The protest was mainly held in the form of Non-violence, as Luther King got inspired mainly from the guidance style of Mahatma Gandhi. The movie began on an inspiring note with Luther King accepting his Nobel Prize for peace. Soon after, there was bombing scene, where four young girls of AfricanAmerican family died in the accident. There was also other scene, where Annie Lee Cooper, who was another important face of the civil right movements, was seen to deny her attempt to register for vote in the Selma district. The Selma district was the root of the civil movement that initiated the movement. The movie however did not portray the entire life history of Luther King as the main focus area was his life style as one of the popular civil rights leader. The purpose of the leadership movement was to get the voting rights for the black skinned people in the Selma district. With the effective leadership style of Dr. King he has been able to inspire many young people to join and become an active member of movement. The movie has also highlighted the roles of many other leaders of the history of civil rights. With the help of the inspirational and motivational style of speech that has been seen in the movie, the leadership style of Dr. King has inspired many other people within the community to take the initiatives to join in the protest march at Selma. From this style of motivation, it can be said that most of the important factors and characteristics of leadership of Dr. King is related to that of the inspirational leadership. One of the main features and characters of the inspirational leadership is to ensure that they are quickly able to connect with the people both at the emotional and psychological levels (Hellmann, 2016). In the given context it can be said that the modern liberal society can greatly be influenced by the strong individual and their effective leadership styles. Dr King, who is the main protagonist in the film has been demonstrated as a hugely influential person, who is even scared to make big decisions as it can be life risk for himself. Hence, it can be seen that an influential leaders often fear the loss of life. This is due to the huge concerned they have for their followers. In spite of the popularity of influential and Revolutionary leader, interview course of the social act, they tend to form huge number of enemies. Nevertheless, another important characteristics of every Revolutionary leader is to ensure that they understand the viewpoint of the people in the society, who are totally against their ideology (Selma's refreshing portrayal of leadership, 2018). The movie also demonstrated the murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson, who was another famous Revolutionary leader during that period. Hearing the news of the murder, Dr. King was show to fell down in tears. From this it is evident that another important characteristics of every Revolutionary leader is to have high level of emotional connect with every member of their movement. This is considered to be one of the major cause of their Rapid rise in popularity within certain group of people (Selma's refreshing portrayal of leadership, 2018). Another important characteristics of Dr King's leadership style was non-violence act. It was evident in the film that even after the troops of Selma brutally assaulted all the members in the social active movement, Dr King decided that he is not going to complaint against the same. Instead in one of the scene within the movie he was seen to pray and express thank to the troops, when they allow him and his followers to carry forward the protest march into the road of Selma district. Hence, the strong believe in the power of nonviolence is one of the effective leadership characteristics of Dr Martin Luther King, which has been effectively portrait in the movie by his humble gesture towards the enemy. Another important characteristics of every Revolutionary and inspirational leader is there brilliant oratical capability (Kim, 2016). The characteristics of Dr King as an influential speaker has been demonstrated in the very last scene of the film. This characteristics is responsible for the leader's capability to effectively connect with the people and influence their thought process. The tone of speaking is also another important feature, which ensure that the inner message of the speech is effectively transferred to the audience. This capability of Martin Luther King has easily helped him to become popular within the African American community. He was not only seen as a person to able to understand the present situation, but also have the ability to predict the future and have a strong faith within the people for making the Civil right movement a success. With the beautiful portrayal of the leadership style of Dr Martin Luther King in the movie, Selma was one of the popular film of 2014. For its beautiful and brilliant portrayal of leadership style, the movie got 4 nominations in Golden Globe award including the best motion picture, best director and best actor. It was also nominated for the best picture in Academy Award and won the best original song. Another important characteristics of the film is that it did not portrait the actual murdering scene of Martin Luther King. Instead as the movie was ending important information was displayed for the viewers. With brilliant treatment of historical event, it will be easily possible for every audience of the movie to easily connect with the leadership and influential style of Martin Luther King and understand the importance of his Movement in the context of the American Civil movement. References Hellmann, D. C. (2016). America, APEC, and the road not taken: International leadership in the post-Cold War interregnum in the Asia-Pacific. In From APEC to Xanadu: Creating a Viable Community in the Post-Cold War Pacific (pp. 70-97). Routledge. Kim, N. K. (2016). Revolutionary leaders and mass killing. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 0022002716653658. Selma's refreshing portrayal of leadership. (2018). Theweek.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018, from https://theweek.com/articles/531504/selmas-refreshing-portrayal-leadership

Roots and Stems free essay sample

Roots, stems, and leaves are the three main components of a plant. They are vital to a plant’s survival, and without them, the plant would die. Each component has a different function and varying appearances. A leaf’s main function in the plant is to produce energy through photosynthesis. They absorb sunlight and create sugar. The leaf then constantly sends energy throughout the stem, roots, and other parts of the plant. Sometimes leaves are also used for protection against animals that are a threat to the plant’s health and survival. They come in different shapes and sizes. Some are smaller and rounder than others, while some are in the shape of needles like a cactus. Leaves are essential in the obtainment of energy for plants. Stems have two primary functions in the plant. We will write a custom essay sample on Roots and Stems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are needed to support the leaves, flowers, or fruit that the plant may produce, and they transport water and other nutrients in the plant. Other functions include storing carbohydrates, nutrients, and water. Rhizomes or underground stems, tubers, and bulbs are different types of stems. A sign of a healthy stem is when the stem is erect because this creates the most support for the plant. Roots are the most important feature for a plant’s health. Functions of the roots include providing anchorage, absorbing water and nutrients, and transporting the water and nutrients throughout the parts of the plant. They tend to grow away from sunlight and towards water in order to obtain the most water possible. Another important job is that they store starch which allows photosynthesis to occur. There are two types of roots: tap roots and fibrous roots. Tap roots are large, and they provide the most anchorage possible while fibrous roots are threadlike, and give the plant the most exposure to water and minerals. There are many different other parts of the plant, but these three are the most important. Without them there would be no plants, and without plants there would be no oxygen for us to breathe. The human race needs the roots, stems, and leaves to continue functioning because if they don’t, we may find ourselves facing extinction. Roots and Stems free essay sample Roots, stems, and leaves are the three main components of a plant. They are vital to a plant’s survival, and without them, the plant would die. Each component has a different function and varying appearances. A leaf’s main function in the plant is to produce energy through photosynthesis. They absorb sunlight and create sugar. The leaf then constantly sends energy throughout the stem, roots, and other parts of the plant. Sometimes leaves are also used for protection against animals that are a threat to the plant’s health and survival. They come in different shapes and sizes. Some are smaller and rounder than others, while some are in the shape of needles like a cactus. Leaves are essential in the obtainment of energy for plants. Stems have two primary functions in the plant. We will write a custom essay sample on Roots and Stems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are needed to support the leaves, flowers, or fruit that the plant may produce, and they transport water and other nutrients in the plant. Other functions include storing carbohydrates, nutrients, and water. Rhizomes or underground stems, tubers, and bulbs are different types of stems. A sign of a healthy stem is when the stem is erect because this creates the most support for the plant. Roots are the most important feature for a plant’s health. Functions of the roots include providing anchorage, absorbing water and nutrients, and transporting the water and nutrients throughout the parts of the plant. They tend to grow away from sunlight and towards water in order to obtain the most water possible. Another important job is that they store starch which allows photosynthesis to occur. There are two types of roots: tap roots and fibrous roots. Tap roots are large, and they provide the most anchorage possible while fibrous roots are threadlike, and give the plant the most exposure to water and minerals. There are many different other parts of the plant, but these three are the most important. Without them there would be no plants, and without plants there would be no oxygen for us to breathe. The human race needs the roots, stems, and leaves to continue functioning because if they don’t, we may find ourselves facing extinction.

Burning Chrome An Analysis

Burning Chrome An Analysis The story is about Bobby, Jack and Rikki. Bobby is an expert hacker specializing in software while Jack is the same but specializes in hardware. The story begins in Bobby’s loft, the two men huddling together in an attempt to hack into a system that will make them rich beyond their wildest dreams.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Burning Chrome: An Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the end of their struggle they were triumphant in the biggest score of their young lives but they paid a terrible price for it. Interestingly, they were regular hackers who were content in making money but not more than enough that they will get caught, at the end they wanted to get rich quick because they know that they are getting older and slower but more importantly because they are in-love with the same woman but only Jack knows about it. Character and Commentary The main characters: Bobby, Jack and Rikki went through a major change in their personality and in their worldview and how they tried to deal with the sudden transformation of their individual lives. Although they have different backgrounds, Bobby seemed a true-blooded nerd who always loved computers while Jack seems the more adventurous type who happens to also like computers and its ability to make money without going through the rigors of the rat race. Rikki on the other hand can be compared to a girl who came from the boondocks and content to enjoy life and focused not in the more serious side of life but in how she can buy the things that she believes are important to her. All came from different starting points but they are converging into one goal and one place – they are willing to go deep into cyberspace to make a great deal of money doing something very risky because they believe that striking it rich is the only way that they can be happy. In their intertwined lives of Bobby, Jack, and Rikki, the author – Willia m Gibson – was given a platform to talk about the problems faced by young men and women who had to deal with the same anxieties and desires as the people of an earlier generation but this time around they had to do it with the advent of new technology that is both difficult and scary to deal with. This is also a reflection of the impact of modern technology to the lives of the young as they grapple with new ways to survive and thrive in a world controlled by things that are very powerful and yet unseen and misunderstood.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The characters in the story depicted the kind of lifestyle evident in the post-modern world. Bobby is someone who has great talent and he is able to bend the rules because of that talent and yet he is lost. In the past, society was predictable. Parents would aspire their children to be physicians, lawyers, eng ineers, accountants, etc. and the moment this decision was made the children will conform to the dictates of society, partially because they also have the same values and they have the same goals and also partially because they are also afraid of the backlash of rebelling against these norms. In the post-modern world however there are alternative ways to make a great deal of money and there area also alternative ways to gain the respect of people. Bobby, Jack and Rikki may not possess the credentials and the pedigree that would have given them access to Wall Street or some glitzy establishment that will ensure them not only of a fat paycheck but the adoration of the crowd, and yet they have the power to experience the lifestyle of the rich and famous even if they technically do not posses the means. This is their dilemma; they live in the grey area of society. They are not criminals based on the ancient way of interpreting what a crime is and what is the typical profile of a law bre aker. This is because they commit crimes without even leaving their homes and without serious physical exertion except the slight movement of the hands and the fingers to type certain key phrases, keywords and passwords. In the beginning Bobby was the picture of confidence and skill but at the end he was reduced to someone who cannot function without the things that he can use either it is liquor or women. In the beginning Jack was seen as an able partner, an equally talented intrusion specialist like Bobby but as the story progresses the reader sees more and more of his stump, his hand was cut-off some time ago and this has given him an insecurity that is hard to explain but painful nonetheless especially when it comes to his love for Rikki. At the end of the story the reader witnessed a complete transformation in their lives. Bobby who was supposed to be always in control was revealed to be a person controlled by lust. Jack who at first was seen as a very capable man was slowly se en as a man struggling with a handicap. He was a one-armed man who felt that there are so many things that he cannot do.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Burning Chrome: An Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His love for Rikki was the ultimate proof that he could not live life without Bobby for he will only love the things and the people that Bobby loves. He ended being with him, used like a crutch, instead of being with the person that he loves and the things that he really wanted to do and accomplish in life. Human Problem and Human Solution According to Theodore Sturgeon a science fiction story is built around human beings and therefore the fictionalized narrative with futuristic setting and mind-boggling technology are just there as a backdrop for something that is more important than the material realm; it is just the foundation used to build up a story about a human problem and a human solution. The stor y â€Å"Burning Chrome† is replete with gadgets and technology but these were all just smokescreens because at the heart of the story was the struggle of two men. They knew that they are not going anywhere socially and economically speaking. It is a struggle faced by many people. There are just so many people out there who cannot move forward and feels like they have no choice but to simply stagnate. There is also the all too familiar conflict between two friends, they complement each other like cookies and cream, like coffee and sugar but they are also so much different. They use different methods on how to accomplishing things and yet they are also so like-minded that they can finish each others sentences. And finally they are so close that they even ended up loving the same woman. This is the conflict of the story, two people who are inseparable because they create perfect music together and yet circumstances in their lives dictate that they had to part ways. Gibson create d a story that is similar to those found in Greek tragedy. Two people, that the audience can consider to be brothers had to destroy each other to realize their dreams and to fulfill their desires, but the woman of their dreams are not even interested in them, she is only there because of the action, the thrill and the things that she can get from them. Dealing with the Alien Another facet of a good fiction story is the element that deals with the alien. It could be an alien planet, an alien being or alien surroundings. It has been also said that the authors did not really mean to talk specifically about aliens but simply using a metaphor to talk about life. And indeed it is true that in the quest for life, in the journey that everyone has to take he or she will inevitably experience an encounter with the alien.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the case of Bobby and Jack they needed to confront an idea that is very foreign to them and it is the fact that they needed to find another job, to find another source of income. But they are hackers for as long as they can remember and they cannot imagine doing anything different. Nevertheless, the day was fast approaching that they really need to abandon their pirate ways and that fact alone has brought them intense anxiety and foreboding because they could not imagine how to find meaning outside their current world. Conclusion It was supposed to be fiction and it was supposed to be about gadgets, technology and the future but it was so much more. The author was simply using everything, the language used, the computers, and the various activities that the characters engaged in to illustrate the complexities of life. The characters represented humanity and the challenges and pressures that mankind had to deal with in the past decades. The world was radically changed by technolog y that it now dictates man’s way of life. Bobby, Jack, and Rikki also illustrated real life problems that include money, love, friendship, boredom, lust, and everything else related to it. Gibson, William. â€Å"Burning Chrome.† Web.

The Impact of Apple's Branding Strategies on Customer Satisfaction and Essay

The Impact of Apple's Branding Strategies on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty - Essay Example The paper analyzed the concept of branding by examining its models and the impact of branding strategies on customer satisfaction. Primary data was collected by conducting questionnaire research with Apple's customers. A total of 100 questionnaires were carried out with Apple's customers. The conclusions of this study are that Apple's brandings strategies play an important role in customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Apple's branding strategies have a positive impact on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. It is Apple's branding strategies that have contributed to generating value for customers, generating trust amongst customers and developing strong relationships between Apple and its customers. Apple's branding strategies have narrowed the gap between Apple and its customers. They have helped in improving the performance of the company. They have helped in generating positive attitudes about Apple's products amongst its customers. This study seeks to critically analy ze the branding strategies of the company Apple. Apple has been selected as it is a leading global telecommunications company whose branding strategies have been successful in getting the right message across to customers. Apple designs, manufactures and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. In 2014, Apple's market share was 20.4% in the global smartphone market. Apple was the market leader. It left behind its competitors, Samsung who had a market share of 19.9%, Lenovo whose market share was 6.6%. Apples competitors are Dell Inc., Fujitsu Limited, Hewlett-Packard Company, International Business Machines Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Sony Corporation, Toshiba Corporation, Research In Motion Limited, Microsoft Corporation, Acer Inc, LG Electronics, Inc., Google Inc, Merch ant Customer Exchange LLC, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Xiaomi Inc.

Should private schools be banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should private schools be banned - Essay Example It therefore seems so from these arguments that in today’s world, education has been used to perpetrate inequality and division of social classes based on economic status because of the existence of higher education meant for the rich and wealthy in the society. Those calling for the closure of private schools believe in the fact that the current education systems institutionalises inequality and unfair treatment of education seekers just because they can’t afford the high cost of private institutions. It is interesting to note that out of the total number of school going children about 90% attend public schools while 10% attend private schools (Caldwell, 2008). Those who attend public schools have the potential of better performance as compared to their public counterparts contributing a larger percentage of students who qualify for university education in leading universities such as Cambridge and oxford. This is the highest degree of inequality as it implies that tho se who will eventually qualify for top positions in industry are those who hail from wealthy families who parents were able to sponsor their education on very expensive private institutions. In addition to this fact, the current society is typical of what can be termed as cultural capitalism and social shutting where the wealthy and privileged give their children gigantic advantages whereas the poor ones struggle in poorly managed and funded systems where only the lucky ones strive for excellence. The survival is typically of the law of the jungle where the fit survive and the weak succumb to academic death. It is vital to stress the need for all to give every child... Thi essay approves that it is in the view of this discussion that private schools tends to widen the gap between the haves and the not haves. This is because private schools exist and continues to provide better education than public schools owing to the fact those who educate children in the schools pay huge amounts of money as fees. This may not be possible for middle and low income earners as a result natural selection occurs where rich families get the opportunity to educate their young ones in private schools while the poor do not. In addition, such schools would present conditions for better performance against the state owned schools owing to their ability to employ and motivate qualified teachers, provide basic facilities and sizable classes. This report makes a conclusion that if all private schools were banned, it would give the rich an incentive to fund state owned ones since their children will to be attending alongside children from poor backgrounds. This will be a fairer way to deal with the rising difference between the rich and the poor. On the contrary, some argue that private schools offers impeccable education which may not be possible to access in state owned schools where there is limited access to resources, support persons and facilities. This is a fact that is discredited by failure by the government to fund state owned schools to the level of private schools. Therefore, it is justifiable to say that private schools should be banned. This is because private school is a major impediment to equity and valuable education for all.

Akira Kurosawa An Auteur Film Studies Essay

Akira Kurosawa An Auteur Film Studies Essay Since the term auteur was applied to film directors by the cahiers du cinema magazine in the 1950s,there has been much debate by film-makers and critics as to what makes an auteur and how accurate the term is when applied to some directors. Federico Fellini, in a 1966 interview, said that Akira Kurosawa was the greatest living example of what an author of cinema should be'(Cardullo,2006,p.49) and in this essay I would like to explore the accuracy of this statement based on Kurosawas period films and how meaningful the term auteur is. In his article, Notes On The Auteur Theory In 1962, Andrew Sarris (interpreting the Cahiers various articles on what became known as auteurism)describes the auteur as a director who is technically proficient, whose personal style is clear in the way a film looks and moves and who creates an interior meaning from the tension between a directors personality and his material. This last statement, Sarris admits, is ambiguous. Susan Hayward in her book Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (1996) sheds more light on what the cahiers meant by auteur by defining the interior meaning as the mise en scene and the personality of the director. She also describes the total author'(p.33), a director who writes their screenplays. Because of the sheer amount of debate surrounding what an auteur is I will base my argument on both Sarris and to a lesser extent Haywards explanation of the term auteur. A large part of being an auteur, based on what Sarris defines as an auteur, is the ability of a director t o imprint their mark onto a film in spite of the limitations brought on by studio control. This would have had great meaning in Hollywood at the time the article was written but not necessarily in the film industries of the wider world, particularly Japan. For Kurosawa in there far fewer limitations in how he made films in comparison to his Hollywood counterparts. Kurosawa was the principle writer on the majority of his films and those which were based on other stories would be adapted by him for the screen. He would often quote his mentor, Kajiro Yamamoto, in interviews saying if you want to become a film director, first write scripts (Kurosawa, 2008, p.10). In this respect Kurosawa was quite literally the author/auteur and originator of his films and so would appear to fit into the total author mould. Where the gray area exists as far as being an auteur is in Kurosawas use of collaborators in the screenwriting process such as Shinobu Hashimoto who was involved in the writing of Seven Samurai (1954), Throne Of Blood(1957) and The Hidden Fortress (1958) to name but a few. This would arguably prevent him from being considered a total author. Another area where Kurosawa has total control is editing. In the introduction to the book Akira Kurosawa: Interviews , Bert Cardullo calls Kurosawa an auteur because he edited or closely supervised the editing of all his films (p.10). I am inclined to agree with Cardullo that this would add to the degree of authorship on a film as Kurosawa will have the final decision on exactly what the cinemagoer will see. This could be seen as technical proficiency however Sarris article bases technical proficiency on directing skills, editing skills are not even considered. Overall it seems that the level of control Kurosawa had over non-directorial aspects of his films would remove the impact of his autuerism because so much of what makes an auteur is the ability to push through industrial control to have your own voice heard. With Kurosawa it was his own voice from the beginning in the writers room and it would end as his voice in the editing room with no real struggle involved. Because Kurosawa wrote the script it was all uniquely personal to him which is one of the key elements of auteurism. In Notes On The Auteur Theory In 1962 Andrew Sarris had said that a director spends most of his life on one film. For Kurosawa that one film could be the period film, something he worked on time and time again. The backdrop of medieval Japan was the preferred setting for Kurosawa and something which was very personal to him: Kurosawas intense feelings for pre-modern Japan, his perceptions of himself and his family in these terms, disclose a view of the past as a living sensuous reality (Prince,1999,p.203) His father was of samurai descent and Kurosawa himself romanticised the past in many ways, finding solace in it where there was none in the present. The early samurai films show his youthful exuberance with films such as Seven Samurai and Yojimbo(1961)showing a positive vision of the past heroism has been transformed into acts of everyday charity (Prince,1999,p.241). In stark contrast to the positive nature of these films the later samurai films are significantly more bleak in nature. These films followed years of depression, attempted suicide and struggles to find finance. For example Ran(1985) Kurosawas last samurai epic, the title of which translates as turmoil or chaos, is a downward spiral of misery from start to finish with almost all characters having distinctly negative traits. Prince describes the period of both ran and the earlier Kagemusha(1980) as defining a period of melancholy and bitterness and a questioning of youthful idealism (p.293). Further examples of Kurosawas o wn beliefs and personality lie in the themes of the films. When asked what he felt were the common themes in his films Kurosawa replied the only theme I can think of is really a question: why cant people be happier together'(Kurosawa, 2008, p.162). In many ways the real recurring theme of Kurosawas films is humanism, he regularly explores human nature whether its an individual taking up arms against the corrupt (Yojimbo), people working together for the greater good (Seven Samurai) or the hopelessness of war (Ran). All suggest that the world would be a better place if we all got along. These films show the personality, thoughts and feelings of the director during their production which I would argue is a prime example of what an auteur is, someone whos films reflect them. Kurosawa was a highly visual film-maker. In his youth he had wanted to be an artist and its clear from the composition of many of his shots that he retained the sensibilities of an artist. From the interviews conducted over the years in Kurosawa: The Interviews it is clear that Kurosawa maintains as much control over every shot as possible from composition to choice of camera. Stephen Prince describes the technical knowledge of Kurosawa and his reliance upon telephoto lens and techniques of multi-camera filming'(p.18) as well as his use of anamorphic frame in later films such as Kagemusha. Kurosawa knew how to get the best images out of every scene even if it meant using unconventional techniques and new technology. He lives up to the level of technical expertise Sarris had believed was vital for a true auteur. This did not however mean that Kurosawa was his own camera operator, indeed he couldnt be because from Seven Samurai onwards he stuck to using multi-cameras no matter what kin d of scene was being filmed. He believed this meant that actors would be less conscious of acting to a camera and instead would have to put on a good performance that could be seen at all angles. Kurosawa did his utmost to ensure that his vision was achieved and would regularly take control of his own camera however he described the process of getting others to achieve shots: I explain the desired image in detail not only to the cameraman but also every member of staff and have them do their utmost to produce the best possible likeness to it (Kurosawa,2008,p. 27) So even with his knowledge of camera lenses there was still a collaborative issue as far as using a cinematographer and indeed Kurosawa had several regular cinematographers such as Asakazu Nakai who worked on films such as Seven Samurai and Ran. Kurosawas technical proficiency is also very clear in his framing decisions. For example in Seven Samurai Kikuchiyo is clearly the outsider of the group which Kurosawa emphasizes by how the framing consistently isolates him from the rest of the samurai who are clustered together as a group'(prince,1999,p.214). The way battle scenes are shot in Kagemusha with huge amounts of troops at either end of the screen is a sight to behold, all the more so in the way Kurosawa manages to retain a sense of beauty in the battle. Francis Ford Coppola on the making of Kagemusha described the way Kurosawa presented fight scenes and violence as almost poeticstunning and dramatic and embodying the moment that was supposed to be expressed. The stylistic nature of the battle scenes became a trademark for the director from Seven Samurai onwards. His ability to use camera and edit techniques to portray violence in a thrilling, heroic way were part of the style and something that could be recognised as part of a distinctly Kurosawa film. Not only that but the introduction of colour only to improve his vision of battle with Kurasawa frequently choosing drab backgrounds'(Ebert,online) to show of the colourful costumes which effectively stand out from the background and clash together in battle. Another noticeable K urosawa technique is the use of cutting between similar shots to emphasize drama,Kurosawa loved to intercut two or three shots whose compositions were exactly aligned with the axis of view established in the initial camera position (Prince,1999,p.299). Examples of this exist in various Kurosawa films. In Seven Samurai it is used on the flame engulfed house following the initial bandit attack and the broken lock in Yojimbo which is used by Sanjuro to avoid the kidnappers. This technique focuses the viewer on the dramatic or emotional element and creates a tension. With so many more stylistic calling cards than could possibly be named in a single essay, Kurosawa has a clear style and so fits into the auteur theory. The auteur theory however clearly has many failings even when applied to someone who appears to cover all the bases (writing, directing, editing) of what makes a film-maker an auteur. Many of these failings have already been discussed but in essence they all come down to one thing, film is a collaborative work. Would Kurosawa be able to achieve the shots he did without the work of some of the worlds best cinematographers? Its highly unlikely. Did he write all of his screenplays alone? Certainly not. Would many of his films have been as enjoyable without some great acting from the cast, particularly frequent collaborator Toshiro Mifune? No. In an interview Kurosawa discusses the collaborative nature of his work with Mifune, particularly the distinct walk Mifune has in Yojimbo,Mifunes walk is his own invention. In order to stress it, I carefully selected camera framings and lenses. This seemingly insignificant example is a snapshot of all that is wrong with the auteur theory. The secon d a director claims a film is all theirs they are disrespecting the great people they have worked with. As for Kurosawa being an auteur,even ignoring the flaws in that theory, Mutsuhiro Yoshimoto in his book Kurosawa: Film Studies and Japanese Cinema says: Kurosawas films are too worldly and historical to be approached as mere aesthetic objects where his personal vision is inscribed or as a structure or textual system that reveals his unconscious desire (p.239)

Gendered Societal Expectations of Appearance and Their Effects Upon the Individual Essay

It has long been generally accepted that we as humans are influenced greatly by the things that surround our everyday lives. These things can include friends, family, co-workers, the media and even society as a whole. The society in which people live can play a huge role in how they view themselves and how they view others. Over the years researchers have come up with many theories as to how and why society has such a large influence on people. Now-a-days there are appearance prescriptions for everything in our society. It is not good to be too fat, but it is not good to be too skinny either. The way a person looks, dresses and acts is a large factor in how other people will think about, talk about and respond to them. These societal prescriptions also differentiate between other factors such as gender, race, level of education and more. Interestingly most of these prescriptions for appearance in society today are relatively unspoken until someone violates them. This paper will attempt to shed some light on the complex societal prescriptions regarding personal appearance and body imaging; more specifically it will delve into how those prescriptions are gendered within society and how people respond both positively and negatively to those prescriptions. As previously stated appearance prescriptions are very strong in our society especially when it comes to societal expectations regarding gender. These gendered expectations cause people to do all types of things for the sole purpose of fitting in to societal norms. Some women exercise religiously to maintain a good looking body, other women go tanning regularly because they think it is embarrassing, or even unacceptable, to be pale; there are also many men who do the same things for the same reasons. While looking good is not a bad thing sometimes these societal prescriptions, or expectations, can cause people to go too far. When people are not satisfied with themselves and their appearance they can become desperate and have feelings of inadequacy about their physical appearance. These feelings of inadequacy can lead to depression or making destructive decisions which can include but are not limited to over-eating or even eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia. There have been numerous studies done on the relationships between societal pressures to be thin and body dissatisfaction among both men and women. One such study, from the University of Texas at Austin that studied the effects of social pressure to be thin on women said that â€Å"These same pernicious messages (that one is not thin enough) are thought to foster negative affect, because appearance is a central evaluative dimension for women in Western culture† (Stice, 2003). This study tested what sources most influence societal expectations of appearance and the different ways those expectations can negatively affect women (Stice, 2003). It concluded that some of the biggest social pressures to be thin come from the mass media, family members and peers (Stice, 2003). It also concluded that the negative effects of these social pressures can go in two different directions, this is not to say that women negatively affected cannot fall victim to both types of effects (Stice, 2003). A synopsis of this study could say that societal expectations to be thin often create body dissatisfaction within women (Stice, 2003). This body dissatisfaction, which can often lead to depression, frequently leads to either restrictive dieting or binge eating. Restrictive dieting, while not bad in itself, can lead to unhealthy eating habits such as eating disorders, laxative abuse or other methods of losing weight that can be extremely harmful to the person practicing them, and binge eating â€Å"because it is commonly believed that eating provides comfort and distraction from negative emotions† (Stice, 2003). A similar experiment, coming from the University of Toronto, studied the relationship between body image and depression among adolescents regarding adiposity (Chaiton, 2009). This study suggests â€Å"that body dissatisfaction may mediate the relationship between overweight and depression† (Chaiton, 2009). It goes on to suggest that the relationship found between obesity and depression is differentiated by gender because of the difference in societal expectations placed on women and men (Chaiton, 2009). The study concluded that females experience body dissatisfaction almost solely when they believe they are overweight, whereas both males who believe that they are under or overweight experience body dissatisfaction which can in all cases lead to some level of depression (Chaiton, 2009). As the aforementioned study showed societal expectations concerning appearance can, and often do, affect men just as much as they do women (Chaiton, 2009). Our society pushes men to be big, muscular and manly. To certain degree the more muscular a man is the more attractive he generally is within society. A study from an international journal regarding social behavior and personality concluded that the attractiveness of a man is more important in determining social desirability than the age of the man in question (Perlini, 2001). Comparatively the results of these two studies add up to say that the attractiveness of a man is one of the main factors in determining societal desirability and one of the biggest factors in being attractive is being muscular or strong. This puts a lot of pressure on males to be concerned with how they look in comparison to society’s expectations of how they should look. There are numerous different theories as to why societal expectations differ between genders, but none that can definitively explain why prescriptions concerning appearance are the way they are (i. e. women should be skinny and men should be muscular). Some theorists take a biological approach saying that something within the genetic makeup of human beings causes men to be larger and more muscular and likewise causes women to be smaller and skinnier; therefore it is innate within human beings to prefer women to be skinnier and men to be more muscular. Other theories use a combination of nature, a biological approach, and nurture, an approach that says how and where people are raised effects how they view the world, to explain why there is such a gendered difference in societal expectations. While still others use strictly nurture based theories to explain these differences. An experiment from Colby College testing the awareness of preschoolers to societal expectations of gender showed that by the age of five or six humans can easily differentiate between what society expects differently of men than of women (Raag, 1998). Granted this study tested the societal expectations of gender based on toys (tools and dishes) and how the children themselves reacted to the toys as well as how the children thought others (parents, babysitters, friends, etc. ) would react to them playing with the aforementioned toys (Raag, 1998). On the whole the children were able to identify that the tools were for boys to play with and the dishes were for girls; the children also, with no hesitation, said that boys playing with dishes or girls playing with tools would often be responded to negatively by parents or babysitters or the like. That means that while this study cannot shed light on the societal expectations of strength versus thinness it does give some credence to the nurture side of the theories mentioned earlier (Raag, 1998). In summation the societal expectations of appearance can have both positive and negative effects upon people. Society pushes for women to be thin, but not too thin and for men to be muscular, but not too muscular. Society pushing people to be in shape is not a bad thing; studies have shown that being physically fit is not only good for people physically, but also mentally. When people feel attractive it boosts their confidence and self-esteem which has been proven to increase mental health. It just happens to be that some of the anxiety or stress put upon people to look good to others can cause them to do harmful things to themselves and others. For instance constant pressure from the media and other outside influences to be skinny and tan has led countless females to have eating disorders and go artificial tanning all the time, neither of which are conducive to being physically healthy. Those same influences have led to countless males developing eating disorders as well to lose weight or even start using all types of drugs, that harm themselves and can harm, or cause them to harm, others, such as anabolic steroids or pro-hormonal supplements simply to gain muscle mass at unnatural and unhealthy rates. The best thing anyone can do to help society as a whole to resist unhealthy expectations regarding appearance is to spread awareness. It may sounds overplayed but awareness about a problem and the education necessary to fix or even just alleviate that problem is always to first step to solving that problem. At the end of every abovementioned study the researchers conducting the study talked about the significance, or importance of that study, and every single researcher included somewhere in that section that raising awareness about the issue at hand was one of the most significant aspects to their respective studies. This is because being aware and educated about a problem is one of the most important and fundamental ways to confront a problem; especially one of this magnitude. This problem will never be solved if society as a whole does not become aware of, and change, how it effects people’s everyday lives regarding physical appearance.

Aaron Beck †The father of cognitive therapy Essay

Aaron T. Beck is considered the father of cognitive therapy was born on July 18, 1921 in Providence Rhode Island. His mother, Elizabeth Temkin, married his father, Harry Beck, in 1909. He is the youngest of five children. Aaron Beck notes that his mother was quite depressed prior to his birth due to the loss of two of her children. Beck was born two years after his only sister died of influenza. He believed himself to be a replacement child for his sister. Beck says he takes joy in the idea that, even at a young age, he was able to cure his mother’s depression. Beck attended Brown University and received many awards and honors in academic excellence. He graduated magna cum laude. After graduating from Brown University he went on to receive his medical degree and then his PH.D from Yale. During his internship, Aaron Beck met Phyllis Whitman. She was a student at the Hillel Foundation, the girls’ school at Brown University. The couple married on June 4, 1950, in Providence. She completed a law degree while raising their four children. She served as a superior court judge in Pennsylvania. Beck became interested in psychoanalysis while doing his internship at Rhode Island Hospital. Although Beck spent most of his career studying psychoanalysis, in the 1960’s Beck’s research deviated significantly from traditional psychoanalytic methods, focusing instead on distorted thoughts that led to problematic behaviors. He struggled to find a way to help his depressed client’s better capture their emotions. He realized that many of his depressed clients experienced recurring negative thought and that as long as they believed these thoughts to be true, they would continue to have symptoms of depression. He theorized that in order to change the symptoms, he much change their distorted thinking. This belief led to the development of cognitive behavioral therapy. (Famous psychologist) Beck took a position at the University of Pennsylvania in 1954 in the psychiatry department, which is where he developed the depression research clinic. Beck began to work more intensely on his cognitive approach to depression, In1952, he published his first psychiatric article, a case study about treatment of schizophrenic delusion. It was the first of numerous publications he made that were later on recognized as significant precursor to the development of cognitive therapy. In 1961, he developed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The BDI is one of the most widely used and referenced scales of depression. It is a 21 item scale that uses a Likert scale to determine the  severity of depression symptoms. Even though the scale is now revered as one of the well-constructed scales and useful, those in the psychiatric department at Penn did not receive the idea so well. In 1967, Beck became an associate professor; however, he only received a one year extension on his depression grant. Beck stared working from home, and this turned out to be just what he needed, and he produced his first book, Depression: Clinical Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. From here his work at the University of Pennsylvania began to pick up, and in 1971 he was awarded full professor status.

compare contrast essay - telegraph vs texting - 961 Words

English 101-English Composition Compare-Contrast Essay: Final Texting - 1830’s Style Texting has, in many instances, replaced telephone as a quick and easy way to communicate a short message in one direction over long distances. Sending quick one-way messages may feel like a modern convenience, but it is very similar to communicating through Morse Code on the electric telegraph - technology that was commonplace nearly 200 years ago. Had the electric telegraph been brought into the home, the need for modern day texting may have evolved quite differently, or maybe not at all. The electric telegraph, invented in the 1830s, sent messages over wires from one point to another using the short ‘dots and longer ‘dashes of Morse Code. By the†¦show more content†¦Staffed by young operators, convenient abbreviations for common Morse Code messages evolved such as min pen (wait a minute while I adjust my telegraph pen), cul (see you later), and ha (equivalent to a laugh). In an eerie way, telegraph slang predated very similar texting slang by over 100 years. Another quirk of texting involves the strange language styles of teens. Have you ever tried to impersonate a teens texting style only to find that the way you write texts just doesn’t sound the same as the way they write texts? Well, individual telegraph operators differed slightly in their style too. For example, some used slightly longer or shorter dots or dashes than other operators, and perhaps only for particular characters. It was so unique that individual operators could be identified by how they sent a message, regardless of the message itself. This uniqueness was known as an operators fist, and is very similar to how everyone texts differently through the use of various abbreviations, word choice, and grammar. Because it wasn’t typically installed in homes, the telegraph never competed directly with the telephone. However, we find that texting now commonly replaces the extra effort of a phone call. We do not bother having an entire phone conversation to say, Im on my way or Im running late when a short and simple text message will do.